语法精讲——非谓语动词
非谓语动词
知识点01 定义与结构
【语法详解】定义：非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次是这种动词形式不能做谓语，综合这两点，我们将其叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词包含四种形式，即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。其中，每种形式按照发生时间和主被动又包括不同的子形式。具体如下：
【语法详解】不定式
常用形式：①基本形式：to do（表示主动，并且一般表示将来）
②被动式：to be done（表示被动，并且一般表示将来）
③进行式：to be doing （表示主动和进行）
④完成时：to have done（表示主动和完成）
⑤完成被动式：to have been done（表示被动和完成）
⑥完成进行式：to have been doing （表示主动和完成进行）
语法功能： 1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important.
2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day.
3）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall Can you give us some advice on what to do next
4）宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first. I didn t notice them come in.
5）定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday /He is the man to depend on/to believe in.
6）状语： A．目的状语：She reads China Daily every day in order to/ so as to /to improve her English.
注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。
B．原因状语： I’m glad to see you .
C．结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。
△在“too…to…”结构中表“太…结果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.
注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
△在“形容词/副词＋enough＋不定式”结构中表“足以能…”，如：He is strong enough to do the work .
4．疑问词＋不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。
如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We don’t know when and where to go .（宾语）
6．不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：
1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或没有时间限制。例如：
She hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后）
It is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制）
The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）
2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
如：I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.
3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生.
如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.
7．不定式的被动式如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long.
【语法详解】动名词
常用形式：①基本形式：doing （表示主动）
②被动式：being done（表示被动）
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
语法功能：
作主语：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用sb’s的形式，此句中的Your不可改为You。）
作宾语：I don’t like his/him staying with us.
作表语：My joy is his winning the table－tennis game.（his不能改为him）.
在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等动词之后，某些介词后，或某些习惯用语中，用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。
如：I remember lending/ having lent him some money before.
He forgot promising /having promised me that. /After finishing his homework,he went out for a walk.
动名词的被动式
如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，这个动名词就要用被动式。
如：The problem is far from being settled.
动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较
作主语：(1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：Seeing is believing.＝To see is to believe.
Talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝To talk is easy and to do is difficult.
(2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。
例如：It took him two hours to finish the work. To be a scientist is his desire（愿望）.
(3)如果表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为，一般用动名词。例如：Getting up early is a good habit.
作宾语：有些动词跟不定式、动名词作宾语皆可，意义也差不多：begin, start, continue, love, prefer等。
有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse, decide.有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，已学过的这类词有：finish, imagine, insist on,enjoy, escape, consider, can t help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off（延迟）＝delay, suggest. feel like, look forward to, devote…to(doing),be worth.
(4)有些动词后跟不定式、动名词意义有明显差别，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on
A.forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事＝forget having done sth.＝forget to have done sth.
B.remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth.记住做过某事
C.regret to do sth. 遗憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事
D.stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事
【语法详解】现在分词
常用形式：①基本形式：doing （表示主动和进行）
②被动式：being done（表示被动和进行）
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
一般主动式用法：
A．作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.(＝The child who is sleeping is…)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(＝The girl who is writing a letter can…)
The factory making TV sets is very large.(＝The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)
B．作表语：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.
C．作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。
如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Don t keep the students doing homework all day.
注：例如：I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room (sing不可改为singing)
have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者have＝let, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用）”意。如：
I’ll have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。
I’ll have him working in my compary.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。
Don’t have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。
D．作状语：
①时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldn’t help thinking of my school life.
②原因状语：Being ill, I didn’t go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
2）完成主动式用法：这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用.如：Having finished her homework, she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.
3）一般被动式用法：表示正在发生的被动动作
如：The car being repaired is mine.(＝The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired,the car can’t be used.(＝As/Because it is being repaired, the car can’t be used.)
完成被动式用法：表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作
如：Having been praised a second time ,I decided to make still greater progress.
【语法详解】过去分词：done
及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成；不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。
polluted river 被污染的河流
fallen leaves 落叶
注意：非谓语动词本身不能表示现在和过去。非谓语动词表示进行、将来和完成时是相对于谓语动作来说的：和谓语动作同时发生表示进行；发生在谓语动作之后表示将来；发生在谓语动作之前表示完成。
过去分词的基本用法：
1）作定语：The stolen car was found by the police last week.
2）作表语：The glass is broken. /When I got to the classroom,the door was locked.
3）作宾补：You must have/get your hair cut.
4）作状语：Given more time ,we can do the work much better.
知识点02 非谓语动词的作用
【语法详解】非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其它所有成分都可以做。具体如下。
1.不定式：做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
To learn a foreign language is difficult .（作主语）
学会一门外语是很难的。
Tom wanted to have a cup of beer.（作宾语）汤姆想要喝杯啤酒。
His wish is to be a driver.（作表语）他的愿望是当一名司机。
I have nothing to say.（作定语）我没有什么可说的。
The teacher told us to do morning exercises .（作宾语补足语）
老师让我们做早操。
They went to see their aunt.（目的状语）他们去见他们的姑姑。
2.动名词：做主语、宾语、表语、定语和补语。
Learning English is very difficult .（作主语）学英语非常困难。
I enjoy dancing.（作动词宾语）我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country.（作介词宾语）我已经习惯了住农村。
His job is driving a bus.（作表语）他的工作是开车。
3.现在分词：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
The story is interesting.这个故事有趣。
He sat there，reading a newspaper.（作状语）他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。
The area being studied may be rich in coal.（作定语）这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。
He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.（作宾补）他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。
4.过去分词：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
He is interested in the news.（作表语）他对这则消息很感兴趣。
polluted river（做定语） 被污染的河流
Given more time,I can do my work better.（做状语）如果再被多给些时间，我会把工作做得更好。
I found my watch stolen.（做宾补）
我发现我的手表被偷了。
知识点03 非谓语动词重、疑、难点
【语法详解】1.须用省去to 的不定式（do）作宾补的11个动词。
五看（see、watch、notice、observe、look at）两听（hear、listen to）三使（make、let、have）一感觉（feel）根据谐音记忆法，我们可以记做“吾看两厅三室一感觉”。
例如：I saw a big bird fly over the roof of the house yesterday.
昨天，我看到一只大鸟飞过了屋顶。
注意：以上11个动词，也可以接现在分词和过去分词作宾补，但在时间和语态上会有变化，我们以see为例来区分一下。
see sb.do sth.看到某人做了某事
see sb.doing sth.看到某人正在做某事see sb./sth.done 看到某人/某物被......
I see him make the phone call.我看到他打了电话。（他打电话的整个动作我都看见了）
I see him making a phone call.我看到他正在打电话。（强调看到他正在打电话,并没有看见全过程.）
We often see him surrounded by much work.我们常常看见他被大量的工作包围着.
2.只接不定式（不能接动名词）作宾语的25个常用动词
want、would like、wish、help、hope、learn、manage、offer、plan、afford、agree、arrange、ask、beg、care、choose、decide、demand、determine、expect、fear、prepare、pretend、promise、refuse
3.只接动名词（不能接不定式）作宾语的28个常用动词
practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、appreciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、 mind、miss、permit、prohibit
4.既可接不定式也可接动名词，但含义完全不同的8个动词
remember to do sth.记住要做某事（未做） remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已做）
forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做） forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做）
regret to do sth.遗憾要做某事（未做） regret doing sth.后悔/抱歉做过某事（已做）
try to do sth.努力做某事 try doing sth.尝试做某事
mean to do sth.计划做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事
can’t help to do sth.不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth.情不自禁做某事
go on to do sth.继续做另一件事
go on doing sth.继续做同一件事
stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth.停下正在做的事情
5.所有非谓语动词的完成形式都不能做定语，如to have done、to have been done、to have been doing、having done 和 having been done。
【经典练】
1．It’s very kind ________ you ________ others when they’re in need.
A．for; to help B．of; to help C．for; helping D．of; helping
2．An old man ________ on the side of the road was found ________, and he was sent to the hospital by the bus driver and passengers immediately.
A．lies; dies B．lay; died C．lain; dead D．lying; dying
3．The painting is really valuable to him. He will never agree ________ it.
A．sell B．sells C．sold D．to sell
4．His cousin is a humorous man. He makes us ________ all the time.
A．laughs B．laughing C．to laugh D．laugh
5．—Would you like ________ shopping with me
—Sorry, I feel like ________ the book at home.
A．to go; read B．to go; reading C．going; to read D．going; reading
6．The new year is coming. Teachers encourage us ________ new hobbies.
A．develop B．developing C．to develop D．developed
7．Mr. Brown told his son not ________ the paintings in the museum.
A．touch B．to touch C．touching D．touched
8．——How is your grandma
——She’s fine. She used to_____TV at home after supper. But now she is used to_____out for a walk.
A．watch;go B．watching;go C．watching;going D．watch;going
9．Look! The children are having a great time ________ a snowman in the snow.
A．make B．makes C．making D．to make
10．—Hurry up, Jason! We’re going to the cinema, but the clothes still need ________.
—Don’t worry. I think thirty minutes ________ enough.
A．washing; are B．to wash; are C．to wash; is D．washing; is
1．It’s very kind ________ you ________ others when they’re in need.
A．for; to help B．of; to help C．for; helping D．of; helping
【答案】B
【详解】句意：你真是太好了，在别人需要的时候帮助了他们。
考查固定句型。分析句子结构，本句是固定句型“It is +形容词+ of/for sb. +不定式+其他”结构，it是形式主语，后面的不定式是真正主语，可据此排除后两项；形容人的特征时用介词of，而for用于指出描述对象。本句kind表示“善良的”，是“you”的特点，故选B。
2．An old man ________ on the side of the road was found ________, and he was sent to the hospital by the bus driver and passengers immediately.
A．lies; dies B．lay; died C．lain; dead D．lying; dying
【答案】D
【详解】句意：一个躺在路边的老人被发现奄奄一息，他被巴士司机和乘客立即送往医院。
考查词义辨析。lies说谎，躺；lay躺（过去式）或放置（动词原形）；lain躺（过去分词）；lying躺（现在分词）或说谎（现在分词）。第一空表示“正躺在路边的老人”，用现在分词作定语。dies死亡，动词三单；died死亡，动词过去式；dead死亡的，形容词；dying垂死的，形容词。根据“he was sent to the hospital by the bus driver and passengers immediately.”可知，还有生命体征，处于垂死边缘，第二空应填形容词dying，故选D。
3．The painting is really valuable to him. He will never agree ________ it.
A．sell B．sells C．sold D．to sell
【答案】D
【详解】句意：这幅画对他来说真的很有价值。他永远不会同意卖掉它。
考查非谓语动词。agree to do sth.“同意做某事”，动词不定式作宾语。故选D。
4．His cousin is a humorous man. He makes us ________ all the time.
A．laughs B．laughing C．to laugh D．laugh
【答案】D
【详解】句意：他的表兄是个幽默的人。他总是使我们开怀大笑。
考查非谓语动词。“make sb. do sth.”意为“使某人做某事”，结合此句型可知，“使某人大笑”为“make sb. laugh”，故选D。
5．—Would you like ________ shopping with me
—Sorry, I feel like ________ the book at home.
A．to go; read B．to go; reading C．going; to read D．going; reading
【答案】B
【详解】句意：——你愿意和我一起去购物吗？——对不起，我想在家看书。
考查非谓语动词。固定短语would like to do sth“想要做某事”；固定短语feel like doing sth“想要做某事”，故选B。
6．The new year is coming. Teachers encourage us ________ new hobbies.
A．develop B．developing C．to develop D．developed
【答案】C
【详解】句意：新的一年就要来了。老师鼓励我们培养新的爱好。
考查非谓语动词。encourage sb to do sth“鼓励某人做某事”，使用动词不定式作宾语补足语，故选C。
7．Mr. Brown told his son not ________ the paintings in the museum.
A．touch B．to touch C．touching D．touched
【答案】B
【详解】句意：布朗先生告诉他的儿子不要碰博物馆里的画。
考查非谓语动词。tell sb (not) to do sth表示“告诉某人（不）要做某事”，动词不定式作宾补，故选B。
8．——How is your grandma
——She’s fine. She used to_____TV at home after supper. But now she is used to_____out for a walk.
A．watch;go B．watching;go C．watching;going D．watch;going
【答案】D
【详解】句意：——你的奶奶怎么样？——她很好。她过去常常在晚饭后看电视，但是现在她习惯了出去散步。
be used to doing sth习惯于某事 ；used to do sth过去常常做某事。第一个空表示她过去常常看电视，应该填原形watch；第二个空表示现在习惯了散步，应该填going。故选D。
9．Look! The children are having a great time ________ a snowman in the snow.
A．make B．makes C．making D．to make
【答案】C
【详解】句意：看！孩子们在雪地里堆雪人玩得很开心。
考查非谓语动词。have a great time doing sth.“做某事玩得很开心”，动名词作宾语。故选C。
10．—Hurry up, Jason! We’re going to the cinema, but the clothes still need ________.
—Don’t worry. I think thirty minutes ________ enough.
A．washing; are B．to wash; are C．to wash; is D．washing; is
【答案】D
【详解】句意：——快点，杰森！我们要去看电影，但衣服还需要洗。——不要担心。我想30分钟就够了。
考查非谓语动词和主谓一致。need doing sth“需要被做”，排除BC；第二处“thirty minutes”是一个时间整体，be动词用is。故选D。
