陕西省西安市长安区2024-2025学年八年级上学期第一阶段学评英语试卷
学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、阅读理解
School activities at the library
Cartooning with Eva Leung Tuesday, 22 Oct., 9 a.m. ~11 a.m. $3.00 to cover (包含) the cost of art paper and pencils. Children from 5 to 8 years old. Cartooning with Eva Leung Wednesday, 23 Oct., 9 a.m. ~11 a.m. $3.00 to cover the cost of art paper and pencils. Children from 9 to 10 years old.
Kite-making Wednesday, 23 Oct., 2 a.m. ~4 p.m. $3.00 to cover the cost of paper, string and other materials. Children from 5 to 10 years old. Kite-making Thursday, 24 Oct., 2 a.m.~4 p.m. $3.00 to cover the cost of paper, string and other materials. Children from 9 to 12 years old.
1．Who is this poster for
A. Doctors. B. Teachers. C. Writers. D. Children.
2．When will there be two different activities
A. On Monday. B. On Tuesday. C. On Wednesday. D. On Thursday.
3．Where can we see the above information
A. In a travel guide. B. In a school newspaper.
C. In a storybook. D. In an animal magazine.
My friend is a taxi driver. He has been a taxi driver for ten years. It’s a nice job most of the time. He can meet a lot of people. He always works at night because there is too much traffic during the day. He usually goes home between two and three o’clock in the morning. There are some very strange things, which often happen at night. One day my friend was taking a woman back home from a party at three o’clock in the morning. She had her little dog with her. When they got to her house, she found she lost her key. So my friend waited in the car with the dog while she climbed in through the window. My friend waited and waited. After half an hour of waiting, he decided to find out what was going on. He tied the dog to a tree and started to climb in through the window.
At that moment some policemen came. They thought my friend was a thief. Luckily, the woman came downstairs. She must have gone to sleep and forgotten about my friend and the dog.
4．The writer’s driver has been a taxi for ________.
A. 5 days B. 5 years C. 10 days D. 10 years
5．The woman climbed in through the window because ________.
A. she wanted to have a sleep B. her husband didn’t open the door for her
C. she couldn’t find her key D. she didn’t want to pay the money
6．Which of the following is NOT true
A. The driver works until 2 or 3 o’clock in the morning.
B. The policemen made a mistake.
C. The woman had no money to pay.
D. The woman forgot about the driver and the dog.
7．The driver climbed in through the window to ________.
A. give money to the woman B. see what was going on in the house
C. return the dog to the woman D. phone the police
Do you know the numbers 0—9 well They are numbers in Arabic numbers. People use them to mark numbers now. But it’s not the only number system that people use.
About 2,500 years ago, people in Rome used their hands to count. In Roman numerals, one finger means 1, two fingers means 2, three fingers means 3, four fingers means 4, If you want to say five, you can keep your four fingers close on one side and your thumb on the other side. Make each of your hands be five, then you’ll have ten. So in Rome, the numbers are “I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VI, VII, IX, X”. Also, “L” means fifty, “C” means one hundred. “D” means five hundred and “M” means one thousand. But there is no zero in Roman numerals. Today, few people use them because they are difficult to write and count. But we can still see them on some watches and clocks.
Today, most people use the Arabic numerals. They are easy to remember and write. They help people to count things every day.
8．Which of the following means five in Roman numerals
A. 5. B. 五. C. V. D. X.
9．What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 mean
A. Arabic numerals. B. Watches and clocks.
C. Zero. D. Roman numerals.
10．Why are there few people using Roman numerals today
A. Because they are difficult to write and count.
B. Because there are no Romans any more.
C. Because the numbers look stupid.
D. Because they are hard to remember.
Do you remember when your grandma told the story of Snow White Ah, the happy days of childhood!
But did you know that Snow White comes from Germany It’s just one story from the 209 stories in Grimm’s Fairy Tales (《格林童话》). The Grimm brothers started to collect fairy tales in1806. And their first book came out (出版) in 1812.
Why are German fairy tales so interesting Maybe it’s because they come from a great place famous for its stories—the Black Forest.
The Black Forest is in the southwest of Germany. It’s the largest forest in the country and one of the most beautiful. It’s famous for its trees and lovely view: There are valleys (山谷) and waterfalls (瀑布) there. It’s a good place to start a story.
Don’t forget to bring something back if you visit it. People there are good at making clocks, musical instruments and watches.
11．Where is Snow White from
It comes from ________.
12．When did the Grimm brothers’ first book come out
Their first book came out ________.
13．Why are German fairy tales so interesting
Maybe it’s because ________.
14．Where is the Black Forest
The Black Forest is in ________ of Germany.
15．Which paragraph best matches (匹配) the picture on the right
It’s Paragraph ________ in the passage.
二、补全对话，情景问答
16．A: Hi, Jane! Did you have a nice weekend
B: ①________. I went to the zoo on Sunday morning.
A: ②________
B: My brother and my cousin. They like animals very much.
A: Did you ride your bikes or take the bus to the zoo
B: ③________. It’s a little far from my house.
A: ④________.
B: Pandas, lions and giraffes.
A: Do you like them
B: Yes. They are very interesting.
A: ⑤________
B: Yes, but only four or five. There were too many people there. It was difficult to take photos there.
A: Oh, I see.
三、七选五
17．Fire has all kinds of uses in our daily life. However, fire can also be very dangerous. ①________
When a building catches on fire, getting outside quickly and safely is your top choice. ②________
If you are in the room with closed door when a fire happens, you must be very careful before opening the door. ③________ If there is no smoke or heat, open the door and move quickly to the nearest exit. As you move, stay low to the ground. This way, you will avoid (避免) smoke along the way.
If you can’t get out quickly because fire or smoke stops you, shout for help. ④________
It is important to know what to do in case of a fire, and is also important to practise. ⑤________
A. Make sure that you’re easy to find.
B. Do you know what to do in case of a fire
C. That’s why schools have fire practice often.
D. If you see smoke coming under the door or if the door is hot, don’t open it.
E. Never go back into a burning building for any reason!
F. The firemen pulled down some nearby sheds to stop the fire spreading.
G. Were you in a fire
四、完形填空
Beethoven was born in Germany in 1770. He was a great 1 in the world.
Most of us have heard of his music. Even as 2 child Beethoven did not have a happy life. His father was a singer, 3 he was very lazy and always drank a lot. When Beethoven was only four, his father 4 to make him a musician. So Beethoven had to play the music. He learned very 5 and seven years later he could go around and give a concert when he 6 eleven.
7 years later, Beethoven went to. Vienna to study with Haydn, a famous Austrian composer (作曲家). Soon he could write a lot of music 8 . Beethoven was often ill in his life. After one illness, there was something wrong with his ears. He couldn’t 9 any more. This didn’t stop Beethoven. He kept writing many pieces of music. To everyone’s surprise, Beethoven wrote his most beautiful pieces such 10 Destiny after he became deaf. It was wonderful, so it was famous all over the world.
18．A. musician B. musicians C. writer D. writers
19．A. a B. an C. the D. /
20．A. and B. but C. after D. before
21．A. decides B. is deciding C. decided D. will decide
22．A. quick B. quickly C. slow D. slowly
23．A. is B. was C. are D. were
24．A. Little B. A little C. Few D. A few
25．A. her B. herself C. him D. himself
26．A. to hear B. hearing C. to hearing D. hear
27．A. as B. for C. with D. in
There was a hard-working student called Nancy. She spent plenty of time on her 1 . She studied so hard that she became ill. She couldn’t go to sleep at night. So when she 2 the next morning, she felt very tired. She couldn’t listen to the teachers carefully and she even did badly in the tests.
3 , Nancy went to see a doctor. After 4 Nancy’s words, the doctor said, “You are too stressed out (紧张的). You must eat more 5 food like fruit and vegetables. Besides, you can try to 6 numbers when you are staying in bed. By the time you count to one thousand, you will be asleep. I’m sure of it.”
The next day, Nancy came to the 7 again. “Well,” said the doctor, “How are you 8 today ”
Nancy still looked 9 . “The same as before,” she said. “I tried to count one, two, three, four, up to one thousand. But when I counted to five hundred and sixty, I felt sleepy (困倦的). I had to get up and drink some 10 so that I could go on counting up to one thousand. But then I still couldn’t be asleep.”
28．A. lessons B. hobbies C. jobs D. games
29．A. caught up B. got down C. got up D. looked up
30．A. Hardly B. Finally C. Firstly D. Probably
31．A. watching B. hearing C. checking D. deciding
32．A. delicious B. funny C. expensive D. healthy
33．A. remember B. train C. count D. write
34．A. hospital B. school C. library D. cinema
35．A. making B. thinking C. living D. feeling
36．A. sad B. tired C. quiet D. happy
37．A. milk B. water C. coffee D. juice
五、短文填空题
38．用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，使短文完整正确。 (每个单词限用一次，每空限填一个单词。)
city they beautiful a go day be in and three
Li Ming and Wang Yan took a study trip to San Francisco in July this year. San Francisco is a large and ①________ city in the United States. They ②________ there to learn English. They arrived ③________ San Francisco at midnight. The next day they went sightseeing. They rode the cable cars (缆车), saw the Golden Gate Bridge, ④________ had lunch at Fisherman’s Wharf. On the ⑤________ day they visited the school where they had lessons. They had English lessons there in the following ten ⑥________. They liked the campus (校园). They thought it ⑦________ very beautiful.
They toured around San Francisco before they left. Then they took the train to many ⑧________. The trip took ⑨________ ten days. They had ⑩________ wonderful trip. Perhaps they will go there again next summer.
六、翻译题
39．王老师叫我们抄写下这篇文章，然后背诵。
Mr. Wang asked us ________ the article and recite it.
40．我们将待在家里而不是去看电影。
We shall stay at home ________ of going to the cinema.
41．昨天国王向他发起一场比赛进行挑战。
The king ________ him to a game.
42．我们谈论了我们的学习、爱好等等。
We talked about our studies, hobbies ________.
43．晚饭后，我经常和父母散步。
I often ________ with my parents after dinner.
七、写作题
44．假如你是李华，你校新来的外教Mark想要通过问卷了解学生以及这座城市，请你根据以下问卷问题用英文写一封信向Mark作详细介绍。
1. What do you usually do in your free time
2. What is your favourite place in your city Why
3. How do you usually get there
参考词汇：play basketball/soccer/the piano, museum/library/cinema/take a bus.
要求：
1. 必须包含所给要点，适当发挥，选择使用参考词汇；
2. 语句通顺，语法正确，书写规范；
3. 文章不得出现你的任何真实信息 (姓名、校名和地名等)；
4. 词数：不少于60词。 (开头已给出，不计入总词数)
Dear Mark,
My name is Li Hua.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
参考答案
1．答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据表格中的“Children from 5 to 8 years old.”;“Children from 9 to 10 years old.";“Children from 5 to 10 years old.”以及“Children from 9 to 12 years old.”可知，这些活动是给孩子们准备的。故选D。
2．答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据表格中“Wednesday”这一天的活动“Cartooning with Eva Leung”;“Kite-making”可知，周三有两种不同的活动。故选C。
3．答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据“School activities at the library”可知，我们可以在校报看到这篇文章。故选B。
4．答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据题干信息“My friend is a taxi driver. He has been a taxi driver for ten years."可知，做出租车司机已经十年，故选D。
5．答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据“She had her little dog with her. When they got to her house, she found she lost her key. So my friend waited in the car with the dog while she climbed in through the window.”可知，妇女是因为找不到钥匙才从窗户爬进去，故选C。
6．答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据“He usually goes home between two and three o’clock in the morning.”、“At that moment some policemen came. They thought my friend was a thief.”以及“She must have gone to sleep and forgotten about my friend and the dog.”可知，选项C“女人没钱支付”在文章中没有提到，因此这一项是不正确的，故选C。
7．答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据“So my friend waited in the car with the dog while she climbed in through the window. My friend waited and waited. After half an hour of waiting, he decided to find out what was going on. He tied the dog to a tree and started to climb in through the window.”可知，司机从窗户爬进去是为了看看房子里发生了什么，故选B。
8．答案：C
解析：细节题。根据第二段的第三、四句 "If you want to say five, you can keep your four fingers close on one side（一边）and your thumb on the other side. Make each of your hands be five, then you'll have ten. So in Rome, the numbers are "I , II, III, IV VI, VII, Ⅷ, IX, X"." 可知罗马数字5为V。故答案选C。
9．答案：D
解析：猜词题。根据第二段的倒数一二句 "But there is no zero in Roman numerals. Today, few people use them because they are difficult to write and count. But we can still see them on some watches and clocks. " 可知罗马数字难写难数，今日已经很少人使用了，但是罗马数字仍然用于手表和时钟。them指的是罗马数字。故答案选D。
10．答案：A
解析：细节题。根据第二段的倒数一二句 "Today, few people use them because they are difficult to write and count. " 可知罗马数字难写难数，今日已经很少人使用了。故答案选A。
11．答案：Germany
解析：根据文章中“But did you know that Snow White comes from Germany "可知《白雪公主》来自德国。故填Germany。
12．答案：in 1812
解析：根据文章中“And their first book came out (出版) in 1812.”可知格林兄弟的第一本书出版于1812年。故填in1812。
13．答案：they come from a great place famous for its stories—the Black Forest
解析：根据文章中“Maybe it's because they come from a great place famous for its storiesthe Black Forest."可知德国童话故事有趣是因为它们来自著名的故事之地黑森林。故填they come from a great place famous for its stories--the Black Forest.
14．答案：the southwest
解析：根据文章中“The Black Forest is in the southwest of Germany."可知黑森林位于德国的西南部。故填the southwest.
15．答案：4/four
解析：图片展示了山谷和瀑布，与文章中第四段“It’s famous for its trees and lovely view: There are valleys (山谷) and waterfalls(瀑布) there."描写黑森林风景的部分相匹配。故填4/four。
16．答案：①Yes, I did.
②Who did you go there with
③We went there by bus.
④What animals did you see
⑤Did you take any photos
解析：
17．答案：BEDAC
解析：本文是一篇说明文，讲述发生火灾的时候，需要怎样做才能保证人的安全。
①根据“When a building catches on fire, getting outside quickly and safely is your top choice.”可知，后文讲述火灾发生时需要做的事情，此处在询问读者是否知道火灾发生时要做什么，B选项“发生火灾时你知道做什么吗”符合，故选B。
②根据“When a building catches on fire, getting outside quickly and safely is your top choice.”可知，此处讲述的是大楼起火的时候首先是要迅速安全地跑出去，E选项“无论什么理由都不要返回燃烧着的大楼”符合。故选E。
③根据“If there is no smoke or heat, open the door and move quickly to the nearest exit. As you move, stay low to the ground.”可知，如果没有烟或热量，打开门迅速移动到最近的出口，移动时贴着地面移动，此处讲述这样做的原因。D选项“这样的话，你就可以避免沿路的烟”符合，故选D。
④根据“If you can't get out quickly because fire or smoke stops you, shout for help.”可知，因为火或者烟阻止了你，如果你没有迅速跑出去，要大声求救，A选项“确保你很容易被人发现”符合，故选A。
⑤根据“It is important to know what to do in case of a fire, and is also important to practise.”可知，火灾发生的时候知道怎么样很重要，演习也很重要，此处与演习有关，C选项“那就是为什么学校经常有火灾演习的缘故”，故选C。
18．答案：A
解析：句意:他是世界上伟大的音乐家。musician音乐家，名词单数;musicians音乐家，名词复数;writer作家，名词单数;writers作家，名词复数。根据后文“Most of us have heard of his music”可知，他是一个音乐家，主语是“He”，填名词单数。故选A。
19．答案：A
解析：句意:即使作为一个孩子，贝多芬也没有幸福的生活。a一，泛指，用于辅音音素开头的单词前;an一，泛指，用于元音音素开头的单词前;the特指。根据“child”可知，此处泛指一个孩子，且该词是辅音音素开头的单词。故选A。
20．答案：B
解析：句意:他的父亲是一位歌手，但他很懒惰且总是喝很多。and和; but但是;after在……以后;before在……之间。根据“His father was a singer...he was very lazy and always drank a lot.”可知，前后文存在转折关系，but符合语境。故选B。
21．答案：C
解析：句意:当贝多芬只有四岁时，他的父亲决定让他成为音乐家。decides决定，一般现在时;is deciding决定，现在进行时;decided决定，一般过去时;will decide决定，一般将来时。根据“to make him a musician”可知，应该说他的父亲决定让他成为音乐家，结合“When Beethoven was only four,”可知，动词填过去式。故选C。
22．答案：B
解析：句意:他学得很快。quick快的;quickly快速地;slow慢的;slowly慢慢地。根据“and seven years later he could go around and give a concert”可知，他学得很快，修饰动词learned，填副词quickly。故选B。
23．答案：B
解析：句意:七年后他就可以到处开演唱会了，他那时才十一岁。is是，第三人称单数主语，一般现在时;was是，第三人称单数主语，一般过去时;are是，复数主语，一般现在时;were是，复数主语，一般过去时。根据“when he...eleven.”可知，此处指的他十一岁的时候，该句是一般过去时，主语是“he”。故选B。
24．答案：D
解析：句意:几年后，贝多芬去维也纳跟随海顿学习。Little少许，修饰不可数名词;A little一些，修饰不可数名词;Few很少，修饰可数名词;A few一些，修饰可数名词。根据“years later”可知，此处指的几年后，years是可数名词复数。故选D。
25．答案：D
解析：句意:他很快就在海顿的指导下自己写了很多音乐。her她; herself她自己;him他;himself他自己。根据“Soon he could write a lot of music”可知，此处指的贝多芬自己写了很多音乐，himself“他自己”，指代贝多芬，故选D。
26．答案：D
解析：句意:他再也听不见了。to hear听见，不定式;hearing听见，动名词或现在分词;to hearing错误表达;hear听见，动词原形。根据“He couldn’t”可知，couldn’t接动词原形。故选D。
27．答案：A
解析：句意:贝多芬的很多优秀作品，如《命运交响曲》，是在他变聋后写的。as因为;for为了;with和;in在……里。根据后文“Destiny after he became deaf.”可知，设空处后给出了例子，such as“例如”符合题意，为固定短语。故选A。
28．答案：A
解析：句意:她在功课上花了很多时间。lessons功课;hobbies爱好;jobs工作;games游戏。根据下文“She studied so hard that she became ill.”可知，学习很努力，所以她应该是在功课上花了很多时间。故选A。
29．答案：C
解析：句意:所以当她第二天早上起床时，她感到很累。caught up赶上，追上;got down趴下，俯下;got up起床;looked up查阅。根据上文“She couldn't go to sleep at night.”和“she felt very tired”可知，因为她晚上睡不着，所以第二天早上起床导致她感到很累。故选C。
30．答案：B
解析：句意:最后，Nancy去看了医生。Hardly几乎不;Finally最后;Firstly首先;Probably可能。根据“She couldn't listen to the teachers carefully and she even did badly in the tests.”可知有了这些不好的影响后，最后决定去看医生，故选B。
31．答案：B
解析：句意:医生听了Nancy的话后说。watching看; hearing听;checking检查;deciding决定。根据上文“Nancy went to see a doctor...Nancy’s words”可知Nancy去看医生，所以应是医生听了Nancy的话后说了这些话。故选B。
32．答案：D
解析：句意:你必须多吃像水果和蔬菜这样健康的食物。delicious美味的;funny滑稽的;expensive昂贵的;healthy健康的。根据下文“fruit and vegetables”可知，水果和蔬菜都是健康食品。故选D。
33．答案：C
解析：句意:除此之外，当你躺在床上的时候，你可以试试数数。remember记住;train训练;count数;write写。根据下文“By the time you count to one thousand”可知，此处医生建议她数数。故选C。
34．答案：A
解析：句意:第二天，Nancy再来到医院。hospital医院;school学校;library图书馆;cinema电影院。根据“said the doctor”可知是再次来医院找医生，故选A。
35．答案：D
解析：句意:医生说:“好吧，你今天感觉怎么样 ”making制造;thinking思考;living生活;feeling感觉。根据下文“The same as before”可知，此处是医生问她“你今天感觉怎么样 ”。故选D。
36．答案：B
解析：句意:Nancy看上去仍然很累。sad悲伤的;tired累的、疲倦的;quiet安静的; happy开心的。根据“But then I still couldn't be asleep.”可知仍然没睡着，因此是仍然很累。故选B。
37．答案：C
解析：句意:我必须起床喝点咖啡，这样我才能继续数到一千。milk牛奶; water水;coffee咖啡;juice果汁。根据生活常识可知咖啡的功能就是让人兴奋，由此可知当Nancy困了，就起来喝点咖啡，以便于可以继续数数。故选C。
38．答案：①beautiful②went③in④and⑤third⑥days⑦was⑧cities⑨them⑩a
解析：本文介绍了李明和王艳的旧金山游学之旅。
①句意:旧金山是美国一个美丽的大城市。根据“San Francisco is a large and...city”可知，此处应该说是一个美丽的大城市，备选词beautiful“美丽的”，作定语修饰city。故填beautiful。
②句意:他们去那里学习英语。根据“there to learn English.”可知，他们去那里学英语，备选词go“去”符合语境，该句是一般过去时，动词填过去式went。故填went。
③句意:他们午夜抵达旧金山。根据“They arrived...San Francisco”可知，此处指的到达旧金山，arrive in接大地点，备选词in符合题意。故填in。
④句意:他们乘坐缆车，参观金门大桥，在渔人码头吃午饭。根据“saw the Golden Gate Bridge...had lunch at Fisherman’s Wharf.”可知，设空处表示接连的两个动作，备选词and符合语境，故填and。
⑤句意:第三天，他们参观了他们上课的学校。根据前文的“The next day”可知，此处应该说第三天，备选词three的序数词third“第三”符合题意。故填third。
⑥句意:在接下来的十天里，他们在那里上英语课。根据“They had English lessons there in the following ten”可知，此处是说接下来的十天，备选词day“天”符合语境，ten接可数名词复数。故填days。
⑦句意:他们觉得它很漂亮。根据“They thought it...very beautiful.”可知，设空处缺系动词，且该句是一般现在时，主语是“it”，备选词be改was，故填was。
⑧句意:然后他们坐火车去了许多城市。根据“Then they took the train to many...”可知，此处可以说去了许多城市，备选词city“城市”符合语境，many接可数名词复数。故填cities。
⑨句意:这次旅行花了他们十天的时间。根据“The trip took...ten days.”以及前文的“Li Ming and Wang Yan took a study trip to San Francisco”可知，应该说旅行花了他们十天的时间，备选词they符合语境，took为动词，接人称代词宾格them“他们”。故填them。
⑩句意:他们度过了一次美妙的旅行。根据“wonderful trip”可知，此处泛指一次旅行且wonderful是辅音音素开头的单词，备选词a符合题意。故填a。
39．答案：to copy down
解析：“叫某人做某事”译为ask sb. to do sth., “抄写”译为copy down。
40．答案：instead
解析：“而不是”译为instead of，其后接动名词形式。
41．答案：challenged
解析：“向某人发起一场比赛进行挑战”用动词短语challenge sb to a game表示，根据汉语提示可知，描述发生过的事，用一般过去时。challenge过去式为challenged。故填challenged。
42．答案：and so on
解析：根据汉语可知，位于句尾，表示“等等”，用短语and so on。故填and; so;on。
43．答案：have a walk/take a walk
解析：
44．答案：
Dear Mark,
My name is Li Hua. Let me introduce myself and this city to you. In my free time, I usually play the piano at home, which helps me relax and enjoy music. My favourite place in the city is the library because I love reading and it is a quiet place where I can concentrate. The library is about five kilometers away from my house, and I usually take a bus to get there.
I hope you will enjoy your time here.
Yours,
Li Hua
解析：[总体分析]
①题材:本文是一篇书信作文;
②时态:时态为“一般现在时”;
③提示:根据所给问题提示完成写作，注意标点符号及大小写等问题，不要犯语法错误。注意上下文之间的逻辑关系，语意连贯。
[写作步骤]
第一步，介绍你在空闲时间做的事情;
第二步，介绍你最喜欢城市哪个地方以及原因;
第三步，最后介绍你是如何去这个地方的。
[亮点词汇]
①play the piano弹钢琴
②concentrate集中
③away from离开
[高分句型]
①In my free time, I usually play the piano at home, which helps me relax and enjoy music.(定语从句)
②My favourite place in the city is the library because I love reading and it is a quiet place where I can concentrate. (原因状语从句和定语从句)
